Labor & Employment Law

Illegal dismissal is the termination of an employee without a valid legal ground, without due process, or both. In practical terms, the dispute usually centers on whether the employer had a lawful basis for termination and whether the employer followed the required procedure before severing the employment relationship. It is one of the highest-intent labor search terms because employees often need immediate guidance on documents, timing, and the first forum to approach.

Constructive dismissal happens when an employee is not formally fired but is effectively forced out because continued work becomes unreasonable, humiliating, or materially prejudicial. Common examples include unexplained demotion, sharp pay reduction, bad-faith reassignment, or conditions deliberately designed to pressure the employee to resign. The legal question is usually whether management's act was a legitimate business measure or a disguised termination without due process.

SEnA, or the Single Entry Approach, is a mandatory conciliation-mediation mechanism used in many labor disputes before the parties escalate to a more formal labor case. For many employees and employers, the important question is what SEnA is supposed to accomplish: it creates a structured opportunity to explore early settlement and clarify issues before the conflict hardens into full-blown litigation. It is usually one of the earliest formal steps in a labor dispute strategy.

The National Labor Relations Commission, or NLRC, is the labor adjudication body that handles many employment disputes, including dismissal and money claims. For search users, the practical question is usually how a dispute moves from workplace conflict into a formal labor case. The answer often involves an early screening of the facts, documentary preparation, and a decision on whether the matter may first pass through conciliation channels such as SEnA before it becomes a full adversarial case.